課程內(nèi)容
高中英語《共享 Unit 4 Sharing (part 4)》(選修7)
定語從句
基本內(nèi)容
概念：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，因此也叫形容詞性從句。
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。定語從句要放在先行詞的后面（as引導(dǎo)的非限定性從除外）
搞清幾個(gè)概念
①簡(jiǎn)單句（五種基本句型）
復(fù)合句（兩個(gè)句子，一個(gè)主句，一個(gè)從句。）
②先行詞：名詞和代詞
③關(guān)系代詞：
連接作用：引導(dǎo)從句，把從句和主句連接起來。
替代作用：在從句中替代它前面的先行詞。
成分作用：在從句中總是充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。（主語，賓語，定語，狀語）
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
是否是定語從句要看是否有先行詞。
是否是定語從句要看句子是否完整。
關(guān)系代詞的用法和分類
①根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性。
②根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是人還是物。
③根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?--主語、賓語和定語。
高考命題熱點(diǎn)
①that與which;that,when與where的選用
②“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句
③“介詞+which"與when,where的選用
④which,as 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別
⑤不定代詞（數(shù)詞）+of which(whom)與
不定代詞（數(shù)詞）+of them的選用
⑥定語從句的主謂一致現(xiàn)象
定語從句易考點(diǎn)
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇
定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。
如果從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語，就要用關(guān)系代詞來連接從句：
如果從句中缺少狀語，就得用關(guān)系副詞來連接從句
I still remember the days which/that we spent together.
I still remember the days when we worked together.
多用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況
that在限制性定語從句幾棵指人又可指物
①先行詞為all,everthing,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much等不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)。
There is little I can use.
All the books that you need are there.(that/不填）
②先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
That is the first composition that he has written in English.
That is the best novel that I have ever seen.
③先行詞被the only,the very,the last 等修飾時(shí)。（指人時(shí)用who也可）
The last place (that)we visited was the chemical factory.
This is the very book (that)I am looking for.
④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
⑤主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時(shí)
Who is the man that is speaking over there?
Which is the book that you bought yesterday?
介詞+關(guān)系代詞中介詞的選用
介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關(guān)。
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
注意：
1.定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語時(shí)，介詞應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞之后，不能拆開放在關(guān)系代詞前。
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2.該結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,指物時(shí)用which.
as & which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
1.位置上：as引導(dǎo)從句的位置比較靈活，可以放在主句前，主句后，還可插在主句的中間；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。
As is known to us all,the earth turns around the sun.
The earth,as is known to us all,turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun,as is known to us all.
2.詞義上：as表示“正如，正像”之意;which表示“這一點(diǎn)”之意
as常與動(dòng)詞see,know,hear,remember,say,tell,show,expect,guess搭配；或用于下列固定詞組：
as is often the case    (情況常常如此）
as often happens      (這種情況常常發(fā)生）
as has been pointed out     (正如已經(jīng)指出的）
as is reported    (正如所報(bào)道的那樣）
Light travels faster than sound,as we all know.
Jack came late for school,which made his teacher angry.
定語從句的主謂一致性
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致.
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
保持主句的完整性
再定語從句中，主句的結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整，即主句必須有主語和謂語，否則整個(gè)定語從句就無法成立。
①Is this factory ( ) we visited last week?
②Is this the factory ( )we visited last week?
A which   B where   C that   D the one
分析
第一題缺少表語，只有填D項(xiàng)才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的選項(xiàng)均為干擾項(xiàng)。
第二題主句本身完整，應(yīng)填的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作visited的賓語，故應(yīng)選A 項(xiàng)。
從句成分的重疊
定語從句，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞已經(jīng)代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)了一定的成分，因此在定語從句中就不能再出現(xiàn)于關(guān)系代（副）詞重疊的成分。
Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析：該題中that已經(jīng)代替先行詞the train在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞took的賓語，故重疊出現(xiàn)在賓語it必須刪去。
關(guān)系詞that的特殊用法
that作特殊關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句，常修飾先行詞way,這時(shí)that別相當(dāng)于in which，可省略。
條件：
①先行詞way意為“方式，方法”，
②在定語從句中作狀語。
The way (that/in which/不填）he spoke amused us all.
注意區(qū)分：
①This is the way(that/which/不填）he likes.
②This is the way(that/which/不填）he passes by every day.
③This is the way(that/which）leads to our school.
關(guān)系副詞where的用法
誤區(qū)：只要先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，一定要用關(guān)系副詞where.
當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place,room,mountain,airport等，同時(shí)從句中缺狀語時(shí)，定語從句需要用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。
通常where大都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞+which"的形式。
case,condition,situation,position等表示”情況“的名詞在定語從句作狀語也可接where從句，這里表示模糊的地點(diǎn)。
There are some cases where this rule doesn't work.
He has to face the cinditions where pressure was heavy.
They are in a difficult situation where all efforts seemed useless.
We have come to a point where some changes have to be made.
whose的用法
whose在從句中作定語，后面接名詞，可修飾定語從句中的主語、賓語、介詞賓語等不同成分。既可以指人（=of whom),也可以指物(=of which)
Look at the building,whose roof is white.
Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt,was quickly taken to hospital.
The boss in whose department Mr Kiing worked had heard about the accident.
whose+名詞=the +名詞+of which=of which+the+名詞
Look at the building,the roof of which(=whose roof)is white.
Mr King,whose legs(=of whom the legs=the legs of whom)were badly hurt,was quickly taken to hospital.
Exercises
1.Today,we'll discuss a number of cases (D)beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A which   B as    C why   D where
2.The English play(C) my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A for which    B at which   C in which   D on which
3.She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day,(A)I found quite strange.
A which  B that   C what  D when
4.China has hundreds of islands,(C)the largest is Taiwan.
A in which   B at which   C of which  D from which
5.We came to a place(B) they had never paid a visit before.
A to where   B to which   C that   D which
6.Is there a restaurant around (D)I have something to eat?
A that  B what  C which  D where
7.It was at the school (A)was named after a hero ( )he spent his childhood.
A which;that    B where;where    C that;where    D which;where
8.There is a popular belief among parents( B)schools don't pay any attention to handwriting.
A whose   B that   C which  D in which
9.-Was( C)Bill,( )played football well,( )helped the blind man cross the road?
-Yes,you are right.He is always ready to help pthers.
A is;that;who   B which;that;that    C it;who;that    D who;which;that
10.His sister has become a teacher,(D)was what she wanted to be.
A Who   B What  C that  D which