課程內(nèi)容
高中英語《生活好了 Unit 1 Living well（part 3）》(選修7)
動詞不定式的特征和種類
動詞不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。
A 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。
He appears to be very happy.他看起來好像很高興。（同時(shí)發(fā)生）
B 不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.
我到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候，天碰巧在下雨。
C 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.
我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。
D 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉，我一直打擾你。
E 不定式的被動形式
當(dāng)不定式邏輯的主語是這個(gè)不定式表示的動作的承受者時(shí)，不一定一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據(jù)其與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。
1.一般式  to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.這些是要發(fā)給學(xué)生的書。
2.完成式  to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.根據(jù)這部小說已被譯成多種語言。
F 不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.
由于天氣不好，我們決定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.
從不犯錯(cuò)是不可能的。
注意：謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義
I did not promise to wake him up.我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up.我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。
動詞不定式的用法
A 動詞不定式作主語
不定式具有名詞的特征，可在句子中充當(dāng)主語。
1.不定式短語在句首作主語
To say is one thing and to do it another.說是一回事，做又是一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.愛與被愛是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主語
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背對著老師，拒絕回答問題是不禮貌的。
B 動詞不定式作表語
不定式作表語可以說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大學(xué)錄取。
注意：
有些作表語的不定式，在結(jié)構(gòu)上是主動的，但在意義上卻是被動的。
She is to blame.她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。
The house is to let.此房出租。
C 動詞不定式作賓語
不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動詞的賓語，也可以充當(dāng)but和except等介詞的賓語以及形容詞的賓語。
1.作動詞的賓語
①不定式可以充當(dāng)部分及物動詞的賓語。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父親喜歡靜靜地聽音樂。
②在feel,find,make,think,consider等動詞后，如果賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，人們常常用it作形式賓語，而把真實(shí)賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后。
She made it a rule to get up at five.
她養(yǎng)成了五點(diǎn)起床的習(xí)慣。
2.作介詞的賓語
不定式可以作介詞but和except的賓語。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他沒有什么選擇，只好像往常一樣坐在那兒。
There is nothing we can do but wait.
我們只能耐心等待。
3.作形容詞的賓語
①句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語。這類形容詞有able,afraid,angry,anxious,careful,clever,condent等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.很遺憾，他的情況每況愈下。
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不滿足在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)里過默默無聞的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.約翰得到這份工作很高興。
②句子的主語時(shí)不定式的邏輯賓語。這類形容詞有easy,hard,cheap,expensive,dangerous,difficult等。
The water is not fit to drink.這水不適于飲用。
She is hard to get along with.她這個(gè)人很難相處。
注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果不定式是不及物動詞，則必須加上結(jié)構(gòu)或含義所需的介詞。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在這條河里游泳很危險(xiǎn)。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.
席夢思床墊睡上去很舒服。
C 動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
1.在表示感覺的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，并且不定式都不帶to.這類動詞有:see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe,look at,listen to 等
I heard them sing yeaterday.昨天我聽見他們唱歌了。
Did you see him go out？你看見他出去了嗎？
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。
注意：轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice與watch沒有被動語態(tài)。
We saw the car stop.
The car was seen to stop.我們看見這輛車停了下來.
這類動詞還有：make,let,have等（have沒有被動語態(tài)）
3.在表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有：consider,think,believe,discover,find,imagine,judge,suppose,prove等。這類動詞后的不定式通常是"to be+形容詞或名詞",find后的to be?？墒÷浴?br> We consider him (to be )a good teacher.我們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)好老師。
4.在表示情感狀態(tài)的動詞后接賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有：love,like,prefer,hate,want,wish,expect等
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打擾他。
I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻煩。
E  動詞不定式作定語
1.主謂關(guān)系
The future to greet us will be bright.我們的未來會十分美好的。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他總是第一個(gè)來最后一個(gè)離開。
2.動賓關(guān)系
The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.
老師給我們留了許多道題要解答。
He can find no one to make friends with.
他找不到可交朋友的人。
注意：由于動詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動賓關(guān)系，因此，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。
She has a child to take care of.她有一個(gè)孩子要照看。
I've got a lot of things to see to this morning.
今天上午我有許多事情要處理。
3.同位關(guān)系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他沒有遵守諾言定期給他父母寫信。
4.修飾關(guān)系
Now it is time to begin our class.
現(xiàn)在是上課的時(shí)間了。
I need somewhere to take a nap.
我需要一個(gè)地方打個(gè)盹。
F 動詞不定式作狀語
1.表示目的
To save the child,he laid down his life.
為了救那個(gè)孩子，他獻(xiàn)出了生命。
2.表示結(jié)果
He got the station only to find the train had gone.
他趕到車站，發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。
What have I said to make you so angry.
我說了什么話使你氣成這樣？
After the meeting,they parted,never to see each other again.
散會后，他們分手了，從此再也沒有見面。
3.表示原因
I was a fool not to lsiten to you at that time.
我當(dāng)時(shí)不聽你的話，真是傻瓜。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.
看到他處于這么困難的情形，她哭了。
4.表示條件
A man would be blind not to see that.
一個(gè)人如果看不到這點(diǎn)，那他就是瞎子。
How can you watch the train to start so late？
這么晚才動身，你怎么能趕上火車？
1.My teacher was made (B)his teaching because of poor health.
A giving up       B to give up      C give up     D given up
2.The sentence wants (D)once more.
A explained   B to explain     C being explained   D to be explained
3.The Arctic is considered (C)the northern part of the Atlantic.
A having been   B to have been     C to be    D being
4.-The light in the office is still on.
-Oh,I forgot (C).
A turning it off     B turn it off     C to turn it off     D having turned it off
5.The missing boys were last seen (A)near the river.
A playing    B to be playing      C played    D to play
6.(C)in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A Losing       B Having lost      C Lost    D To see
7.-What do you think of the school?
-It is a very good (A).
A school to study in
B school for children to study
C studying school
D school to study
8.-Did you get a job?
-No,I (B),but it's no use.
A expected     B tried to     C managed to     D planned
9.-I usually go to Shanghai by train.
-Why not (B)there by boat for a change?
A to try to go        B try going     C to try going      D try to go
10.(A)a living,she had to work from morning till night.
A To make     B Made     C Making     D To have made
11.I would rather starve to death than (A)for food.
A beg      B begging      C begged     D to beg
12.The boy pretended (C)when his mother entered.
A reading     B to read      C to be reading       D being read
Homework
Review不定式的用法